何朝宗何許人也?這是一個一直以來從未間斷過思考的問題。
何朝宗,一位瓷都德化明代舉世聞名的瓷塑大師,其獨樹一幟的精湛技藝和形成的“何”派藝術(shù)馳名中外,被譽為“東方藝術(shù)”的精品。
然而,關(guān)于這位聞名世界的瓷塑大師的生卒年月及個人經(jīng)歷等在地方文獻中卻鮮有記載。
那么,這個問題是否能在外國作者有關(guān)“德化”“中國白”“德化瓷”的著作中得到說明?
近期,外國人眼中的“中國白”欄目將對有關(guān)“何朝宗”的研究進行梳理,以期找到其中的線索。
從何而來?萬瓷朝宗
——唐納利筆下的“何朝宗”(三)
關(guān)于德化陶藝家,唐納利說:
“Tehua was one of the two kilns of China where the potter-moulder reigned supreme. The kiln enjoyed no imperial patronage, and aped none; not here the practice of the private kilns of Chingtechen of using the nien hao as a means of enabling their customers to keep up with the Joneses". Instead, the potters were proud of their wares and signed them freely; as a result we know of over 30 potters, and several potter families, …as contrasted with the complete anonymity of Chingtechen and, one feels, the complete subjection of the potter…”
德化是中國兩個陶工盛行的窯口之一。這個窯口沒有受到皇室的資助,也沒有模仿別人。景德鎮(zhèn)私窯的客戶用有“年號款”的陶瓷與人攀比,而這里沒有。相反,這里的陶工對它們的瓷器深感自豪并隨意署上自己的名字,結(jié)果我們知道了超過30位陶工以及一些陶工家族。跟景德鎮(zhèn)完全不知陶工姓名,而且陶工完全受控相比完全不同。
“Enterprising the potters certainly were. They could make anything and often did. Nothing came amiss to them, commissions from abroad for the strangest shapes, ornamental cups in fantastic forms, toys, animals, trees even. But their great glory was undoubtedly figures.”
這些陶工顯然是有膽識的,他們能夠生產(chǎn)出任何一件東西,而且也經(jīng)常這樣做。對他們來講沒有什么是有困難的,來自海外訂做的最奇怪的器型,包括形式夸張的裝飾杯、玩具、動物,甚至是樹。但他們最大的榮耀無疑來自瓷塑。
“Nothing is known of the Tehua potters beyond their names, and most of these are appearing here for the first time. Not a single dated piece of blanc de Chine is signed, and not a single signed piece bears a date.I Because potters were artisans rather than artists, the literary sources ignore them.”
對于德化陶工,除了他們的名字外一無所知,而且其中多數(shù)是首次在這里出現(xiàn)。沒有一件帶紀(jì)年的“中國白”瓷器有作者的簽名,也沒有一件有簽名的瓷器上面帶有日期。因為陶工是手藝人而不是藝術(shù)家,文獻便忽略他們。
何朝宗印章,唐納利分析大體上分為幾類:
(陽文款)
(陰文款)
(陰陽文款)
(刻款)